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<title>Lijphart Elections Archive:  Germany: Formulaic Matrix</title>
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			<td colspan=2 valign=top align=left><img src="images/lea-logo-sm.jpg" height=60 width=494 alt="Lijphart Elections Archive"></td>
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			<td colspan=2 class=header>Germany: Formulaic Matrix</td>
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				<td width=16%><b>Germany</b></td>
				<td width=28%><b>Primary Districts</b></td>
				<td width=28%><b>Secondary Districts (Lander)</b></td>
				<td width=28%><b>Tertiary District (national)</b></td>
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				<td width=16%><b>Partisan Cartels</b></td>
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				<td width=28%>(2) The total number of seats to which a cartel is entitled is determined on the basis of list votes
					(zweitstimmen) aggregated to the national level, using LR-Hare with a 5% national threshold.</td>
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				<td width=16%><b>Lists</b></td>
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				<td width=28%>(1b) Votes cast for Land lists (zweitstimmen) can, at the option of each party, either be used for an
					allocation of seats within the Land by LR-Hare, or be pooled at the national level. In practice, all parties take
					the latter option.</td>
				<td width=28%>(3) Seats awarded to partisan cartels in step 2 are reallocated to each cartel's component Land lists
					by PR-d'Hondt.</td>
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				<td width=16%><b>Candidates</b></td>
				<td width=28%>(1a) Constituency seats are awarded by plurality rule on the basis of candidate votes (erststimmen).</td>
				<td width=28%>(4) Let the number of seats to which a Land list is entitled, determined in step 3, be denoted L. Let
					the number of constituency seats won by the party in that Land , determined in step 1a, be denoted C. If L-C > 0,
					then the first L-C names on the Land list, not having already won constituency seats, are awarded seats.
					If L-C <0, then no seats are allocated to candidates on the list, but the party does get to keep the surplus
					seats (uberhangmandaten) it has won.</td>
				<td width=28% align=center> -- </td>
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				<td colspan=4>496-member Federal Diet (Bundestag).</td>
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